一个会计账务或者是数学类的问题，很简单，却困扰了我很久，请大家帮忙分析下！ 求婚庆公司商业计划书中的财务分析。急急急！请发送到64432...

请高手帮找一篇财务报表分析（financial statement analysis）的外文论文，并帮忙翻译一下，谢谢~

Fundamental analysis of a business involves analyzing its financial statements and health, its management and competitive advantages, and its competitors and markets. The term is used to distinguish such analysis from other types of investment analysis, such as quantitative analysis and technical analysis.

Fundamental analysis is performed on historical and present data, but with the goal of making financial forecasts. There are several possible objectives:

* to conduct a company stock valuation and predict its probable price evolution,
* to make projection on its business performance,
* to evaluate its management and make internal business decisions,
* to calculate its credit risk.

Two analytical models

When the objective of the analysis is to determine what stock to buy and at what price, there are two basic methodologies.

1. Fundamental analysis maintains that markets may misprice a security in the short run but that the "correct" price will eventually be reached. Profits can be made by trading the mispriced security and then waiting for the market to recognize its "mistake" and reprice the security.

1. Technical analysis maintains that all information is reflected already in the stock price, so fundamental analysis is a waste of time. Trends 'are your friend' and sentiment changes predate and predict trend changes. Investors' emotional responses to price movements lead to recognizable price chart patterns. Technical analysis does not care what the 'value' of a stock is. Their price predictions are only extrapolations from historical price patterns.

Investors can use both these different but somewhat complementary methods for stock picking. Many fundamental investors use technicals for deciding entry and exit points. Many technical investors use fundamentals to limit their universe of possible stock to 'good' companies.

The choice of stock analysis is determined by the investor's belief in the different paradigms for "how the stock market works". See the discussions at efficient market hypothesis, random walk hypothesis, Capital Asset Pricing Model, Fed model Theory of Equity Valuation, Market-based valuation, and Behavioral finance.

Use by different portfolio styles

Investors may use fundamental analysis within different portfolio management styles.

* Buy and hold investors believe that latching onto good businesses allows the investor's asset to grow with the business. Fundamental analysis lets them find 'good' companies, so they lower their risk and probability of wipe-out.
* Managers may use fundamental analysis to correctly value 'good' and 'bad' companies. Even 'bad' companies' stock goes up and down, creating opportunities for profits.
* Contrarian investors distinguish "in the short run, the market is a voting machine, not a weighing machine"[1]. Fundamental analysis allows you to make your own decision on value, and ignore the market.
* Value investors restrict their attention to under-valued companies, believing that 'it's hard to fall out of a ditch'. The value comes from fundamental analysis.
* Managers may use fundamental analysis to determine future growth rates for buying high priced growth stocks.
* Managers may also include fundamental factors along with technical factors into computer models (quantitative analysis).

Top-down and Bottom-up

Investors can use either a top-down or bottom-up approach.

* The top-down investor starts his analysis with global economics, including both international and national economic indicators, such as GDP growth rates, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, productivity, and energy prices. He narrows his search down to regional/industry analysis of total sales, price levels, the effects of competing products, foreign competition, and entry or exit from the industry. Only then does he narrow his search to the best business in that area.
* The bottom-up investor starts with specific businesses, regardless of their industry/region.

Procedures

The analysis of a business' health starts with financial statement analysis that includes ratios. It looks at dividends paid, operating cash flow, new equity issues and capital financing. The earnings estimates and growth rate projections published widely by Thomson Financial and others can be considered either 'fundamental' (they are facts) or 'technical' (they are investor sentiment) based on your perception of their validity.

The determined growth rates (of income and cash) and risk levels (to determine the discount rate) are used in various valuation models. The foremost is the discounted cash flow model, which calculates the present value of the future

* dividends received by the investor, along with the eventual sale price. (Gordon model)
* earnings of the company, or
* cash flows of the company.

The simple model commonly used is the Price/Earnings ratio. Implicit in this model of a perpetual annuity (Time value of money) is that the 'flip' of the P/E is the discount rate appropriate to the risk of the business. The multiple accepted is adjusted for expected growth (that is not built into the model).

Growth estimates are incorporated into the PEG ratio but the math does not hold up to analysis.[neutrality disputed] Its validity depends on the length of time you think the growth will continue.

Computer modelling of stock prices has now replaced much of the subjective interpretation of fundamental data (along with technical data) in the industry. Since about year 2000, with the power of computers to crunch vast quantities of data, a new career has been invented. At some funds (called Quant Funds) the manager's decisions have been replaced by proprietary mathematical models.[2]

Criticisms

* Some economists such as Burton Malkiel suggest that neither fundamental analysis nor technical analysis is useful in outperforming the markets[3]

和一般的财务编写一样的，创业风险管理只有你自己公司内部决策才知道，各方面的收支项目我想也只有楼主自己知道。除非你是替人编写又或者你是出售自公司想做账。如果你不懂就把他当做一般的小地摊来做，收入，成本，利润等于。三年（三天）计划。希望可以帮到你，谢谢

　　挺有意思的问题
　　毕竟是公司负责人啊，思路清晰，第三种公司负责人的说法对，分析如下：
　　1、货的期末结余按照逻辑应该=期初余额+本期采购-本期销售=1500+10400-12000= -100
　　但实际为2800，差异2900元，为什么？差异原因有很多种，如高价出售的结余、已收钱还欠客户货、或者进的货还没有给钱、其他暂时存放的等等。所以第一种、第二种说法将期末结余的货作为结算依据就大错特错。
　　2、小王说自己垫钱了，没关系，垫的钱是不是包含在采购的10400元里，如果是，第三种说法已经给你算上了，如果不是，那就应该还有未记录的采购单，那么10400就得加上该部分采购支出，第三种算法可以把10400替换掉，又会重新出正确答案。
　　3、我们再看小周的逻辑：期初货节余1500+现金收入12000-现金支出10400+借款500=3600，与期末的现金和货合计进行比较。他在2个地方都犯错了，a、上式左边没有考虑货的增减，结余又包括货与现金，口紧不一致。b、如果式子左边考虑货物的增减变动后就与小王的结果一致，没有考虑货物期末结余差异（记录-第1条倒推结果-100、与实盘2800）的具体原因。
　　4、公司负责人说的非常清晰，就考虑现金流，不要与货物混淆，小王应该还钱=收款-付款+个人借款；因为只有现金收付有完整记录的，而实物没有记录，只有盘存数，并且按照第1条倒推货的账面价值与实际盘存数还有很大差异；
　　5、等你们把货的明细账补上，查找其记录出来的余额与实际盘存数差异的原因后，一切都明了了。

“公司决定每做一单业务，从客户那所收到支出易耗品款项，提出成本价金额或略高于成本价金额（高出金额较小），直接给小王，令他保管这笔款项，采购物品时，就用他所收到的这笔钱支付采购支出”根据这句话，我认为第二种是对的

关键是采购物品与客户购买物品价格之间的差额归谁所有：
如果归小王所有，第一种结算法是对的；
如果归公司所有，第二种结算发是对的。

退回公司2100元
第三种说法很对。
这个问题可以打一个比方：相当于小王是出纳他收到货款12000而后又支出10400元，工作期间又借款了500元。他走时，你认为他有资格要钱吗？说12000是他的收入？500元借不用还？很显然他走时要退公司的钱为12000-10400+500＝2100元
至于低耗品的问题，第三种说法已经讲的很清楚了。

第三种说法是正确的，第一种和第二种都把钱和物搞混了，期初库存的和借的资金都在月未库存里反应过了，不需要再单列。这个只是资金周转问题，2800多于1600的货的款只是10400里的一部分采购未用完的，并不是采购员所谓的自已掏钱买的，

我觉得第二种方法对，应该退给公司800元。

支持第二种,第一种只考卢钱的问题没考勴到公司也利用这个有赚钱的,
第三种就更不对了,怎么不和在一起算呢?那人家接手的时候才1500元的货,现在盘出2800的货,这多出的货是从哪里来的呢?是人家采构用采构金去麦的麻!!1